II. Present Participle Active образуется прибавлением -ing к глаголу в форме инфинитива без to : studying (изучающий, изучая).
Present Participle Passive образуется при помощи Present Participle глагола to be - being и Past Participle смыслового глагола: being written (будучи написан).
Past Participle правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания -ing к глаголу в форме инфинитива; неправильные глаголы образуют это причастие различными способами: asked (спрошенный, спрашиваемый), given (данный, даваемый).
Perfect Participle Active образуется при помощи Present Participle глагола to have (having) и Past Participle смыслового глагола.
Perfect Participle Passive образуется при помощи Perfect Participle глагола to be (having been) и Past Participle смыслового глагола, having written (написав), having being written (был написан).
III. Именные свойства причастия выражаются в том, что причастие может выполнять в предложении функцию определения, соответствуя русскому причастию, и функцию обстоятельства, соответствуя деепричастию:
Ex.: A broken cup lay on the table . - Разбитая чашка лежала на столе.
Arriving at the station, I rang him up . - Приехав на вокзал, я позвонил ему.
IV. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolite Participle Construction) - это сочетание существительного в общем падеже (или местоимения в именительном падеже) с причастием, в котором существительное (или местоимение) выполняет роль подлежащего по отношению к причастию, не являясь подлежащим всего предложения:
Ex.: It being Sunday, the library was closed .- Так как было воскресенье, библиотека была закрыта.
Самостоятельный причастный оборот образуется с любой из пяти форм причастий и является оборотом, в котором имеется собственное подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем падеже или местоимением. Этот оборот всегда отделяется запятой:
Ex.: We went for a walk, the rain having ceased . - Мы пошли гулять, после того как дождь прекратился.
Если самостоятельный причастный оборот стоит на втором месте, то он переводится самостоятельным предложением с союзами: при чем; а, и; в то время как , а иногда без союзов:
Ex.: Radio was invented in Russia, the inventor being the Russian scientist. - Радио было изобретено в России, причем его изобретателем был русский ученый.
Present Participle или Participle I
Причастие настоящего временя в английском языке
Present Participle может быть образовано от любого глагола (кроме модальных и вспомогательных глаголов shall и will ) путем прибавления окончания -ing , соответствующего русским окончаниям- -ащ(-ящ)ий(ся), -ущ(-ющ)ий(ся): standing - стоящий, turning - вращающийся, burning - горящий
Если глагол оканчивается на непроизносимое -e , то при образовании Present Participle -e опускается: smile - smiling
Если глагол состоит из одного слога, то при образовании Present Participle удваивается конечная согласная: run - running
Present Participle Continuous в сочетании с личными формами вспомогательного глагола to be :
Ex.: They are drawing now. Они чертят сейчас.
В предложении Present Participle может выступать в функции:
I like to see smiling faces. Я люблю видеть улыбающиеся лица.
The boy sitting at the table is her brother. Мальчик, сидящий за столом, ее брат. (Мальчик, который сидит за столом, ее брат.)
3) обстоятельства (в этих случаях английское причастие настоящего времени переводится русским деепричастием): She went out smiling. Она вышла улыбаясь.
Past Participle или Participle II
Причастие прошедшего времени в английском языке
Форма Past Participle правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ed к основной форме глагола, например: decide - решать, decided - решенный
Форма Past Participle неправильных глаголов образуется особыми способами (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов), например: write - писать, written - написанный
Формы Past Participle наиболее употребительных глаголов вам нужно выучить.
Past Participle участвует в образовании времен группы Perfect , страдательного залога:
Ex.: I have just got tickets to the cinema. Я только что купил билеты в кино.
This article was written by my friend . Эта статья была написана моим другом.
В предложении Past Participl e может выступать в функции:
1) определения к существительному: The broken cup was on the floor. Разбитая чашка лежала на полу.
2) обособленного определения, заменяющего придаточное определительное предложение: Here is the letter received from Nick . Вот письмо, полученное от Коли. (Here is the letter which I received from Nick yesterday. ) (Вот письмо, которое я получил от Коли вчера.)
Запомните следующее предложение:
Time permitting, we shall go for a walk .- Если время позволит, мы пойдем гулять.
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate"s uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
Упражнение 2. Замените придаточные определительные предложения причастными оборотами.
1. All the people who live in this house are students. 2. The woman who is speaking now is our secretary. 3. The apparatus that stands on the table in the corner of the laboratory is quite new. 4. The young man who helps the professor in his experiments studies at an evening school for laboratory workers. 5. People who take books from the library must return them in time. 6. There are many pupils in our class who take part in all kinds of extra-curricular activities.
Упражнение 3. Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
1. As he now felt more at ease, the man spoke in a louder voice. 2. Since he knew who the man was, Robert was very pleased to have the chance of talking to him. 3. As he thought that it was his brother at the window, Steve decided to open it. 4. As the people were afraid of falling into a ditch in the darkness at any moment, they felt their way about very carefully. 5. Since he needed a shelter for the night, Peter decided to go to the neighbours" house.
Упражнение 4. Замените придаточные предложения времени причастными оборотами (не опускайте союз when).
1. When you speak English, pay attention to the order of words. 2. Be careful when you are crossing a street. 3. When you are leaving the room, don"t forget to switch off the light. 4.When you begin to work with the dictionary, don"t forget my instructions. 5. When they were travelling in Central Africa, the explorers met many wild animals. 6. When you are copying English texts, pay attention to the articles. 7. You must have much practice when you are learning to speak a foreign language.
Упражнение 5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Past Participle.
1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.
Упражнение 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II.
1. A fish taken out of the water cannot live. 2. A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful. 3. Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text. 4. A line seen through this crystal looks double. 5. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student"s dictation always corrects it. 6. Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: "Fire! Fire!" 7. The word said by the student was not correct. 8. The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician. 9. Standing at the window, she was waving her hand. 10. A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow. 11. He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams. 12. When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name. 13. Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important. 14. The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian. 15. While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them. 16. A word spoken in time may have very important results. 17. The students speaking good English must help their classmates. 18. The speaking doll interested the child very much. 19. While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.
Упражнение 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
1. (to do) his homework, he was thinking hard. 2. (to do) his homework, he went for a walk. 3. (to sell) fruit, he looked back from time to time, hoping to see his friends. 4. (to sell) all the fruit, he went to see his friends. 5. (to eat) all the potatoes, she drank a cup of tea. 6. (to drink) tea, she scalded her lips. 7. (to run) in the yard, I fell and hurt my knee. 8. (to look) through some magazines, I came across an interesting article about UFOs. 9. (to write) out and (to learn) all the new words, he was able to translate the text easily. 10. (to live) in the south of our country, he cannot enjoy the beauty of St. Petersburg"s White Nights in summer. 11. (to talk) to her neighbour in the street, she did not notice how a thief stole her money. 12. (to read) the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 13. (to buy) some juice and cakes, we went home. 14. (to sit) near the fire, he felt very warm.
Упражнение 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. While being examined, the boy could not help crying. 4. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. 5. The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 6. The dress bought at the department store was very beautiful. 7. While using a needle you should be careful not to prick your finger. 8. While crossing the street one should first look to the left and then to the right. 9. People watching a performance are called an audience. 10. Being very ill, she could not go to school. 11. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the top of the hill. 12. The tree struck by lightning was all black and leafless. 13. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 14. The door bolted on the in side could not be opened, 15. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travellers soon lost their way, 16. The room facing the garden is much more comfortable than this one. 17. Having descended the mountain they heard a man calling for help. 18. Flushed and excited, the boy came running to his mother. 19. He stood watching the people who were coming down the street shouting and waving their hands.
Упражнение 9. Замените выделенные части предложений причастными оборотами. Изменяйте конструкцию предложения, где необходимо.
1. When he arrived at the railway station, he bought a ticket, walked to the platform and boarded the train. 2. As he was promised help, he felt quieter. 3. After he was shown in, he was told to take off his coat and wait for a while. 4. Robinson started the building of the house at once and finished it before the season of rains set in. 5. He poured out a cup of coffee, sat down in an armchair and looked at the woman who was sitting opposite him. 6. When he had left the house and was crossing the street, he suddenly stopped as he remembered that he had forgotten to phone his friend. 7. He looked at me and hesitated: he did not know what to say. 8. As he had long lived in those parts and knew the place very well, he easily found his way to the market place. 9. He has no language problems, because he has been studying English for a long time. 10 After I had written this exercise, I began to doubt whether it was correct. 11. Take care when you cross the street. 12. Students should always be attentive while they are listening to the lecturer. 13. There are many students who study music. 14. Don"t you feel tired after you have walked so much?
Упражнение 10. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.
1. Артистка, рассказывающая детям сказки по радио, знаменита на всю страну. 2. Сказка, рассказанная няней, произвела на ребенка большое впечатление. 3. Рассказав ребенку сказку, она пожелала ему спокойной ночи. 4. Моя бабушка, рассказавшая мне эту сказку, живет в маленьком домике на берегу озера. 5. Ребенок всегда с интересом слушает сказки, рассказываемые няней. 6. Рассказывая детям сказки, она говорит разными голосами, имитируя героев сказок.
Независимый причастный оборот (Nominative Absolute Participial Construction) Ex.: The day being pierсing cold, he had no desire to loiter.
Упражнение 11. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
1. The next morning, it being Sunday, they all went to church. 2. For the moment the shop was empty, the mechanic having disappeared into a room at the back. 3. There being nothing else on the table, Oliver replied that he wasn"t hungry. 4. Mrs. Maylie being tired, they returned more slowly home. 5. Their search revealing nothing, Clyde and she walked to a corner. 6. The wind being favourable, our yacht will reach the island in no time. 7. I had long tasks every day to do with Mr. Mell, but I did them, there being no Mr. and Miss Murdstone here. 8. It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs. 9. He being no more heard of, it was natural to forget everything. 10. He started about five, Riggs having informed him that the way would take him three hours. 11. Our horses being weary, it was agreed that we should come to a halt. 12. It having been decided that they should not go out on account of the weather, the members of the party were busy writing their notes. 13. The wind stirring among trees and bushes, we could hear nothing. 14. You can set your mind at ease, all being well. 15. There being no chance of escape, the thief was arrested on the spot. 16. Oliver knocked weakly at the door and, all his strength failing him, sank near the door. 17. The bridge having been swept away by the flood, the train was late. 18. There being little time left, they hired a cab to get to the theatre in time. 19. It being cold and damp, a fire was lighted for the weary travellers to warm themselves by. 20. It being pretty late, they decided to postpone their visit. 21. The hour being late, she hastened home. 22. The sun having set an hour before, it was getting darker. 23. The weather being cold, he put on his overcoat. 24. The weather having changed, we decided to stay where we were. 25. The weather being very warm, the closet window was left open. 26. And the wind having dropped, they set out to walk. 27. The vessel being pretty deep in the water and the weather being calm there was but little motion. 28. The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was very low. 29. This material being a dielectric, no current can flow through it.
Упражнение 12. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
Ex.: His story told, he leaned back and sighed. - Когда его история была рассказана, он откинулся назад и вздохнул.
1. This being understood, the conference was over 2. The constraint caused by the old man"s presence having worn off a little, the conversation became more lively. 3. This done, and Sikes having satisfied his appetite, the two men lay down on chairs for a short nap. 4. The concert being over, the lottery came next. 5. Dinner being over, the old lady asked Barbara to come and sit on the sofa near her. 6. Then, the house search proving that she was not there, Asa went outside to look up and down the street. 7. All the necessary preparations having been made with utmost secrecy, the army launched an attack. 8. The treaty having been signed, trade was at once resumed. 9. About eleven o"clock, the snow having thawed, and the day being finer and a little warmer than the previous one, he went out again. 10. Dinner being over, we assembled in the drawing-room. 11. The fifth of June arriving, they departed. 12. His directions to the porter finished, he came up to his niece. 13. The cathode heated, the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode. 14. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated. Sir Henry was deep in his papers, his long white hands moving nervously.
Упражнение 13. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
Ex.: Then she sprang away and ran around the desks and benches , with Tom running after her. - Потом она отскочила и побежала вокруг парт и скамеек, а Том бежал за ней.
1. Не slowly and carefully spread the paper on the desk, with Loweli closely watching. 2. Twenty minutes late he came out of number seven, pale, with his lip 1 tightly compressed and an odd expression on hi face. 3. Little Oliver Twist was lying on the groum, with his shirt unbuttoned and his head throw back. 4. The girl wandered away, with tears rolling down her cheeks. 5. The moonlit road was empty, with the cool wind blowing in their faces. 6. She sat on the steps, with her arms crossed upon her knees. 7. Then, with her heart beating fast, she went up and rang the bell. 8. Little Paul sat, with his chin resting on his hand. 9. He stood, with his arms folded. 10. Lanny stood looking at the lorry rolling away, with his cheek burning and his fists clenched. 11. She stood there, with her brows frowning, her blue eyes looking before her. 12. He leant a little forward over the table, with his wrists resting upon it. 13. And then came the final moment, with the guards coming for him.
Самостоятельная работа
Задание № 1. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия.
1 . a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.
2. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.
b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.
3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?
b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.
4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.
b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.
5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.
b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.
6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?
7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.
8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.
9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.
10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.
11. (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.
12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.
13. Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.
14. I picked up the pencil (lying, lain) on the floor.
15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.
17. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.
18. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.
19. I shall show you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth.
20. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.
21. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children.
22. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying m the middle of the street.
23. How do you like the film?" he asked, (turning, turned) towards me.
24. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.
25. I think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.
Задание № 2. Переведите следующие русские причастия и деепричастия на английский язык.
Приносящий, принесенный, принося, принеся, переводящий, переведенный, переводя, переведя, давая, написав, читающий, берущий, данный, прочитав, сделанный, пьющий, сказанный, будучи потерянным, нарисовав, написавший, делая, взятый, взяв, рисуя, выпитый, сделав, идя, пишущий, прочитанный, дав, рисующий, делающий, нарисованный, выпив, говорящий, беря, написанный, читая, идущий, дающий, сказав, сидевший, посмотрев, будучи забыт, строящий, строящийся, играя, поиграв, рассказанный, рассказавший, видя, принесший, будучи принесенным, построенный, продав.
Задание № 3. В следующих предложениях употребите, где возможно, причастия вместо глаголов в личной форме. Изменяйте конструкцию предложения, где необходимо.
1. As the book was translated into Russian, it could be read by everybody. 2. As we were given dictionaries, we managed to translate the article easily. 3. As soon as I have done my homework, I shall go for a walk. 4. As soon as I have bought the book, I shall begin reading it. 5. When he was running across the yard, he fell. 6. When I was going home yesterday, I kept thinking about my friend. 7. He put on his coat, went out and looked at the cars which were passing by. 8. She closed the book, put it aside and looked at the children who were running about in the yard.
Задание № 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.
1. (to translate) by a good specialist, the story г preserved all the sparkling humour of the original. 2. (to approve) by the critics, the young author"s story was accepted by a thick magazine. 3. (to wait) for some time in the hall, he was invited into the drawing-room. 4. (to wait) in the hall, he thought over the problem he was planning to discuss with the old lady. 5. They reached the oasis at last, (to walk) across the endless desert the whole day. 6. (to lie) down on the soft couch, the exhausted child fell asleep at once. 7. She went to work, (to leave) the child with the nurse. 8. (to phone) the agency, he left (to say) he would be back in two hours. 9. (to write) in very bad handwriting, the letter was difficult to read. 10. (to write) his first book, he could not help worrying about the reaction of the critics. 11. (to spend) twenty years abroad, he was happy to be coming home. 12. (to be) so far away from home, he still felt himself part of the family. 13. She looked at the enormous bunch of roses with a happy smile, never (to give) such a wonderful present. 14. (not to wish) to discuss that difficult and painful problem, he changed the conversation.
Задание № 5. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя требующуюся форму причастия.
1. Играя в саду, дети не заметили, что стало темно. 2. Подойдя к двери, он открыл ее. 3. Том подошел к смеющейся девочке. 4. Он положил на стол смятое письмо. 5. Плачущая девочка была голодна. 6. Бабушка смотрела на детей, играющих во дворе. 7. Она любит смотреть на играющих детей. 8. Сделав уроки, дети пошли гулять. 9. Лежа на диване, он читал книгу. 10. Принеся свои игрушки в комнату, ребенок начал играть. 11. Прочитав много книг Диккенса, он хорошо знал этого писателя. 12. Мальчик, бегущий мимо дома, вдруг остановился. 13. Будучи очень занят, он не сразу услышал меня. 14. Услышав шаги, он поднял голову. 15. Выпив чашку чая, она почувствовала себя лучше.
Задание № 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
Ex.: Сэр Генри был погружен в свои бумаги , причем (а) его длинные белые руки нервно двигались.
1. They went down the stairs together, Aileen lingering behind a little. 2. He lifted the lid and kept it in his hand while she was drinking, both standing. 3. She danced light as a feather, eyes shining, feet flying, her body bent a little forward. 4. We walked very slowly home, Agnes and I admiring the moonlight, and Mr. Wickfield scarcely rising his eyes from the ground. 5. They walked quickly through street after street, the Dodger leading and Oliver at his heels. 6. He was standing there silent, a bitter smile curling his lips. 7. The dog sat close to the table, his tail thumping now and again upon the floor, his eyes fixed expectantly on his master. 8. Then they heard the noise of the plane, its shadow passing over the open glade. 9. She remembered him talking, his glasses magnifying his round blue eyes. 10. She sat staring into the fire, the sock forgotten on her knee. 11. He heard the bathers coming up the sandy road, their voices ringing through the quiet. 12. They continued their way, the boy sobbing quietly, the man ashamed. 13. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material. 14. Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity. 15. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A. S. Popov.
Задание № 7. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот.
Ex.: She stood silent, her lips pressed together. - Она стояла молча, плотно сжав губы.
1. She stood listlessly, her head dropping upon her breast. 2. She rose from the bed and removed her coat and stood motionless, her head bent, her hands clasped before her. 3. Pale-lipped, his heart beating fast, Andrew followed the secretary. 4 . The speaker faced the audience, his hand raised for silence. 5. He sat down quickly, his face buried in his hands. 6. Clyde sat up, his eyes fixed not on anything here but rather on the distant scene at the lake. 7. She hurried along, her heels crunching in the packed snow.
Задание № 8. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя независимый причастный оборот.
1. As the front door was open, she could see straight through the house. 2. Rip had no desire to work on his farm, for it was to his mind the worst piece of land in the neighbourhood. 3. They stood there; the night wind was shaking the drying whispering leaves. 4. As the situation was urgent, we had to go ahead. 5. When the greetings were over, Old Jolyon seated himself in a wicker chair. 6. The town of Crewe is known to be one of the most busy junctions in England: many railway lines pass through it. 7. We set off; the rain was still coming down heavily. 8. After a private sitting room had been engaged, bedrooms inspected and dinner ordered, the party walked out to view the city. 9. Dinner was served on the terrace, as it was very close in the room. 10. Thoughtful, Andrew finished his omelette; his eyes were all the time fixed upon the microscope. 11. There was in fact nothing to wait for, and we got down to work. 12. The question was rather difficult to answer at once, and I asked for permission to think it over. 13. He stood leaning against the wall, his arms were folded. 14. There was very little time left; we had to hurry. 15. Of an evening he read aloud; his small son sat by his side. 16. The new engines were safely delivered, all of them were in good order. 17. Our efforts to start the car had failed, and we spent the night in a nearby village. 18. As our work was finished, we went home. 19. If the letter is posted today, the news will reach them tomorrow. 20. If mother permits us, we shall go to the theatre. 21. When the working day was over, she went straight home. 22. As a storm was arising, the ship entered the harbour. 23. When the packing had been done, the girls left for the station. 24. As the stop was a long one, the girls got off the train. 25. As the weather was perfect, Lydia played tennis every day. 26. As the last month was a very busy one, she could not answer her friend"s letter. 27. If time permits, we shall come a few days earlier. 28. When the third bell had gone, the curtain slowly rose. 29. As the underground station was not far, we walked there. 30. Bill could not sleep the whole night, as there was something wrong with his eye. 31. As the rules were very strict, the doorkeeper did not permit Bill to enter.
Задание № 9. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя независимый причастный оборот.
1. Так как было очень поздно, собрание было закрыто. 2. Если погода позволит, мы пойдем на каток. 3. Так как все было готово, она решила отдохнуть. 4. Так как было уже поздно, они никуда не пошли. 5. Так как погода была холодная, Джек спрятал руки в карманы. 6. Так как быстро темнело, она поспешила домой. 7. Когда солнце зашло, сразу стало темно. 8, Так как наш разговор был закончен, я пошел домой. 9. Когда письмо было написано, она быстро побежала на почту отправить его. 10. Так как оставалось еще полчаса до отхода поезда, мы решили поужинать на вокзале. 11. Если погода будет благоприятной, спортсмены могут показать хорошие результаты. 12. Мы долго разговаривали: он задавал мне вопросы, а я охотно на них отвечал. 13. Если условия позволят, я приеду к вам на лето. 14. Так как было очень тепло, дети спали на открытом воздухе. 15. Когда все приготовления были закончены, мы отправились в поход. 16. Корабль медленно плыл вдоль берегов Белого моря; сотни птиц кружились над ним. 17. Было очень темно, так как на небе не было ни одной звездочки. 18. Когда солнце село, туристы развели костер.
2.11. ПРИЧАСТИЕ
(The Participle)
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, соче-тающая свойства глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В английском языке различают два причастия: Participle I и Participle II. Participle I соответствует русскому причастию с суффиксами -ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ (asking – спрашивающий, writing – пишущий), а также деепричастию несовершенного вида с суффиксами -а, -я (going – идя, crying – плача) или совершенного вида с суффиксом -в (seeing – увидев). Participle II является страдательным причастием прошедшего времени (a for-gotten song – забытая песня). Participle I, как и инфинитив, может иметь формы относительного време-ни и залога.
Present Participle Perfect Participle Participle II | having been asked |
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not перед причастием.
Формы Present Participle употребляются для обозна-чения действия, одновременного с действием глагола в личной форме.
Being late I took a taxi. Так как я опаздывал, я взял такси.
I heard the problem being discussed. Я слышал, как обсуждали эту проблему.
Формы Perfect Participle употребляются для обозна-чения действия, предшествующего действию глагола в личной форме.
Having passed the exams he went to Сдав экзамены, он уехал в Крым.
Однако с глаголами движения и восприятия to come, to arrive, to enter, to turn, to see, to hear, to notice , a также to say и to think употребляется обычно Present Participle, даже когда выражается предшествование.
Arriving at the station we went to buy Приехав на вокзал, мы пошли покупать
the tickets. билеты.
Как и прилагательные причастие (Present Participle и Participle II) может выполнять в предложении функ-цию определения и стоять перед определяемым словом или после него (в последнем случае оно образует определительный причастный оборот).
Who is that smiling girl? Кто та улыбающаяся де-вушка?
The girl speaking to her friends Девушка, разговарива-ющая со своими
is my sister. друзьями, моя сестра.
Lost time is never found again. Потерянное время не вернешь.
Books written by Mark Twain are Книги, написанные Мар-ком Твеном,
full of humour. полны юмора.
Английское причастие не употребляется в функции определения для выражения предшествующего дейст-вия по отношению к действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Поэтому русское причастие прошедшего времени действительного залога переводится на англий-ский язык определительным придаточным предложе-нием. Например:
Студент, сделавший доклад на The student who made the report at
конференции, учится в университете. the conference studies at the University.
Причастие II имеет только одну форму, которая совпадает с третьей формой глагола. Самостоятельно в предложении употребляется только Participle II, образованное от переходных глаголов. Причастие, обра-зованное от непереходных глаголов, является частью сказуемого.
Как наречие, причастие может выполнять в пред-ложении функцию обстоятельства: времени (часто с союзами when и while , которые на русский язык не переводятся), причины, образа действия и сопутст-вующего обстоятельства.
(When, While) translating the text Переводя текст, мне пришлось
I had to use a dictionary. пользоваться сло-варем.
When asked about it, he refused Когда его спросили об этом, он
to answer. отказался от-вечать.
Not knowing the answer the pupil Не зная ответа, ученик молчал.
Perfect Participle употребляется только в функции обстоятельства.
Having discussed the contract the Обсудив контракт, управляющий
manager signed it. подписал его.
Причастие в сочетании с существительным или мес-тоимением может образовывать причастные обороты: объектный, субъектный и абсолютный .
Причастный оборот «Объектный падеж с причастием настоящего времени» (Objective - with - the - Present - Participle ) представляет собой сочетание существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже с причастием настоящего времени. Этот оборот употребляется после глаголов: to feel, to find, to hear, to listen, to look, to notice, to see, to watch. Например:
I hear the phone ringing in the next room. Я слышу, как звонит телефон в
соседней комнате.
She watched the children playing in Она наблюдала, как дети играли
the yard. во дворе.
Этот оборот аналогичен объектному инфинитивному обороту, но причастный оборот показывает действие в процессе его совершения, а инфинитивный оборот только указывает на действие. Например:
I saw the children playing hockey. Я видел, как дети играли в хоккей.
I saw the children play hockey. Я видел, что дети играли в хоккей.
Оборот «Объектный падеж с причастием прошедшего времени» (Objective with-the-Past-Participle) представляет собой сочетание существительного или местоиме-ния в объектном падеже с причастием прошедшего вре-мени. Этот оборот употребляется после глаголов: to have, to get, to want, to wish, to watch, to hear, to see, to find . Например:
I want to have a new dress made. Я хочу пошить новое платье.
Этот оборот с глаголом to have (to get) означает, что действие совершается не самим подлежащим, а другим лицом для него или за него.
I had my coat cleaned. Я почистил пальто (это сде-лали для
«Субъектный причастный оборот» (Nominative - with - the Participle ) представляет собой сочетание существи-тельного в общем падеже или местоимения в имени-тельном падеже с причастием настоящего или прошед-шего времени. Употребляется после глаголов, выражаю-щих восприятие.
The pupils were heard speaking Слышали, как ученики раз-говаривали о
about their fi-nals. выпускных экзаменах.
The teacher was seen surrounded Видели, как ученики окру-жили учителя.
Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Par - ticipial Construction ) – это оборот, в котором причастие имеет свое собственное подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем падеже или местоимением this , it или словом there .
На русский язык данный оборот переводим прида-точным предложением с союзами так как, после того как, если, когда . Если оборот стоит в конце предложе-ния, то переводим его самостоятельным предложением с союзами а, причем, в то время как.
The weather being fine, we went Так как погода была хоро-шая, мы
for a walk. отправились на прогулку.
My mother was cooking dinner, my Моя мама готовила обед, а сестра
sister helping her. помогала ей.
Упражнения
1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосоче-тания
а) a smiling girl, playing children, a writing boy, a fal-ling tree, a laughing baby, a sleeping man, a walking cou-ple, reading audience, a running sportsman, a developing country, a crying child, a burning house.
б) a broken cup, a translated text, an unanswered let-ter, an opened window, a closed door, an occupied room, a written letter, a fallen tree, a discussed problem, produced goods, a cooked dinner, a surprised man, lighted windows, a developed country.
2. Определите форму и функцию причастия в сле-дующих предложениях. Переведите их на русский язык
1. This is the book so much spoken about. 2. The method followed by our scientists was not simple. 3. Ha-ving found no one at home he went to his neighbours. 4. A letter lying on the table must be posted. 5. If asked he will explain you everything. 6. We came up to the crying girl to ask where her mother was. 7. I saw him working in the garden. 8. I heard the children speaking in the next room. 9. We saw an old woman coming towards us and heard her asking for help. The weather being aw-ful, I stayed at home and heard the rain beating on the windows. 11. He turned and went out, we following him. 12. She sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground. 13. The children were seen running to the river. 14. The flight to Moscow was heard announced. 15. The pupils were heard discussing this problem with the teacher. 16. We had our TV-set repaired yesterday. 17. I want my hair cut.
3. Преобразуйте предложения, употребив причастия в функции: а) определения; б) обстоятельства времени, причины
а) Образец : The man who is reading a book is my father.
The man reading a book is my father.
1. I took the newspaper which was lying on the table. 2. The house which is being built opposite my house is a modern nine-storeyed building. 3. The books which have been written by Picul are read with interest. 4. The pupil who is being asked by the teacher is Pavlov. 5. The car which is parked in front of the house is mine.
б) Образец : As he was busy he refused an invitation.
Being busy he refused an invitation.
1. As he was late he had to excuse himself. 2. As he had spent all his money he decided to go home. 3. When they were going home they met their teacher. 4. While he was translating the text, he wrote out new words. 5. After they had visited the museum they decided to have a cup of coffee. 6. The girl entered the room and didn"t lock it.
4. Объедините следующие предложения, употребив нужную форму причастия
Образец : Не was ill. He had to stay at home.
Being ill he had to stay at home.
1. I knew that he was poor. I offered him a room. 2. She didn"t want to listen to the story again. She had heard it before. 3. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking. 4. I had looked through the fashion magazine. I realized that my clothes were out of date. 5. She turned on the light. She was surprised at what she saw. 6. I fed the dog. I sat down to my own dinner. 7. I sat in the front row. I saw everything beautifully. 8. She was singing a song. I heard it.
5. Употребите следующие пословицы в кратких си-туациях
If you want a thing well done, do it yourself.
Danger foreseen is half avoided.
Seldom seen, soon forgotten.
Rats desert a sinking ship.
Let sleeping dog lie.
2.12. ГЕРУНДИЙ
(The Gerund)
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, сочетаю-щая свойства глагола и существительного. Соответст-вующей формы в русском языке нет. По значению к ге-рундию близки такие русские отглагольные существи-тельные как чтение, ожидание (reading , waiting ) и т.п.
К глагольным свойствам относится наличие форм зало-га и относительного времени (таких же, как и у при-частия), возможность иметь дополнение и определяться наречием. Как и существительное, герундий может быть в предложении подлежащим, частью составного сказуемого, прямым и предложным дополнением, определением, обстоятельством. Ему могут предшествовать определи-тели: местоимения и существительные в притяжательном падеже, предлоги, что не характерно для причастия.
having been done |
Герундий как подлежащее стоит в начале предложения перед сказуемым.
Travelling makes our life more Путешествия делают нашу жизнь более
interesting. интересной.
Герундий как прямое дополнение употребляется пос-ле таких глаголов как to like, to need, to prefer, to re-member, to enjoy.
I enjoy listening to music. Мне доставляет удовольст-вие слушать
Герундий как предложное дополнение может употре-бляться после любого глагола с предлогом: to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of; to be tired of.
He is fond of fishing. Он увлекается рыбалкой.
Герундий как определение употребляется после аб-страктных существительных с предлогами: the idea (of), importance (of), way (of), experience (in), interest (in).
I saw no other way of doing it. Я не видел другого способа сделать это.
Герундий как обстоятельство употребляется всегда с предлогом. В функции обстоятельства времени он упо-требляется с предлогами after, before, on, образа дейст-вия – by, without, instead of, besides: Например:
Call me before leaving. Позвоните мне перед отъездом.
Герундий как часть сказуемого употребляется после глаголов, выражающих начало, продолжение и конец действия: to begin , to start , to continue , to go on , to stop , to finish .
He finished translating the text. Он закончил переводить текст.
Как герундий, так и инфинитив употребляется после следующих глаголов и словосочетаний: to like, to begin, to start, to continue, to hate, to prefer, to forget, to re-member, to stop, to intend, it is (of) no use, it is useless, it is (no) good.
It began raining (or: it began to rain) Дождь начал идти рано утром.
early in the morning.
It is no use talking (or: it is no use Бесполезно говорить об этом.
to talk) about it.
Употребление герундия или инфинитива после глаголa to stop меняет смысл предложения. Например:
Не stopped reading an adverticement. Он перестал читать объяв-ление.
He stopped to read an adverticement. Он остановился, чтобы прочитать
объявление.
После глаголов to finish, to enjoy, to suggest, to avoid, to excuse, to forgive, to mind, to imagine, to give up, to go on, to keep on, а также после всех глаголов, требующих предлогов, и словосочетаний: it"s worth, can"t help, to feel like, to look like и прилагательного busy употребляется только герундий.
This film is worth seeing. Этот фильм стоит посмотреть.
She is busy looking for а new job. Она занята поиском новой работы.
Из вышеприведенных примеров видно, что герундий может переводиться на русский язык отглагольным существительным, неопределенно-личной формой глагола, деепричастием и придаточным предложением.
Герундий в сочетании с существительным в общем или притяжательном падеже или местоимением в притяжательном или объектном падеже образует герун-диальный оборот (The Gerundial Complex ), выполняющий любую функцию в предложении, свойственную герундию. На русский язык данный оборот переводится придаточным предложением с союзами что (чтобы ) с предшествующими ему местоимениями то, тем что, как .
Thank you for your answering my letter. Спасибо за то, что ответи-ли на мое
I dislike my relatives" interfering in my Мне не нравится то, что родственники
affairs. вмешивают-ся в мои дела.
Упражнения
1. Определите форму и функцию герундия в следую-щих предложениях. Переведите их на русский язык
а) 1. Не finished speaking and sat down. 2. Stop argu-ing and start working. 3. The children prefer watching TV to reading. 4. Walking is very useful. 5. I had no hope of meeting her here. 6. On seeing her parents the girl laughed. 7. He is thinking of leaving his job and going to America. 8. Did you hear of John"s having been sent abroad? 9. She is looking forward to reading his new book. 10. I don"t enjoy going to the doctor. 11. Grammar is the art of speaking, reading and writing.
б) 1. There"s no danger of it happening again. 2. He was wakened by someone knocking at the door. 3. Nobody can go on living without some belief. 4. She does not like the thought of leaving you alone. 5. I remember my mother laughing at my jokes. 6. There came the sound of the door closing then being locked. 7. On awakening she dressed quickly and left the house. 8. Life seemed worth fighting for. 9. Jane sat through her first lesson without saying a word and without paying much attention to the lecture.
2. Преобразуйте предложения, употребив герундий вместо инфинитива
Образец : I like to read.
1. I like to skate. 2. I hate to read detective stories. 3. I think to send him a telegramme. 4. I remember to tell you about it. 5. They stopped to smoke. 6. They prefer to stay at home in the evening. 7. He continued to speak to his friends. 8. He kept to talk about the events.
3. Вставьте нужный по смыслу предлог
1. I hated the idea ... your going there. 2. She said: "Excuse me ... coming in ... knocking." 3. He insisted ... accompanying them. 4. "I am tired ... being old and wise" my grandmother said. 5. We"ll look forward ... seeing you. 6. I"m afraid I shan"t succeed ... being kind and sympathetic in this situation. 7. Both windows needed ... cleaning. 8. She could not bear ... lying in the sun |
4. Вставьте подходящую по смыслу форму герундия
1. Ted sat down without ... (speak). 2. He did not go without ... Ann (congratulate). 3. She kept on ..., her voice low and controlled (talk). 4. In the morning light, she was ashamed of herself for ... so the night before (be frightened). 5. S. Nobody looks his best after ... up all night (sit). 6. His legs were tired from ... for days (climb). 7. I know every man who is worth ... (know). 8. There"s hap-piness in ... alive (be).
5. Закончите предложения , употребив герундий
1. There are a lot of ways of (сделать это). 2. What is your idea of (обсудить этот вопрос сейчас)? 3. Do you have the opportunity of (посетить выставку)? 4. The film is worth (посмотреть). 5. I don"t like (напоминать ему об этом). 6. It"s no use (плакать). 7. Do you remember (что они уже рассказывали нам об этом)? 8. Не is busy (подготовкой к докладу). 9. There was no other way of (предупредить его).
6. Переведите
1. Увидев клоуна, зрители рассмеялись. 2. Мальчик не отрицал, что потерял книгу. 3. Учитель настаивал, чтобы записали новые слова. 4. Эту книгу стоит прочи-тать. 5. Я не одобряю того, что вы пропускаете уроки. 6. Я устала от того, что со мной обращаются как с ребенком. 7. Мне не хочется идти на прогулку сейчас. 8. Мне стыдно, что я сделала так много ошибок в последнем переводе.
7. Употребите следующие пословицы в кратких ситуациях
Seeing is believing.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
There"s no use crying over spilt milk.
Обзорные упражнения
1. Употребите одну из форм причастия, герундия и инфинитива
а) 1. (be) a foreigner she couldn"t get accustomed to our life for a long time.
2. (live) abroad for many years, he speaks English without an accent.
3. (know) everything about this" man, we couldn"t trust him.
4. I didn"t notice a letter (lie) on the table.
5. The article (publish) in the latest issue of the local newspaper carries an interesting information for you.
б) 1. I am sorry for (be late). 2. I enjoy (spend) my week-ends on the bank of the river near the forest (gather) berries and mushrooms. 3. Is the American screen version of the novel "War and Peace" worth (see)? 4. The student finished (discuss) the question of their (go) abroad summer but still couldn"t stop (argue). 5. I can"t help (feel) sorry for animals (live) in Zoo.
в) 1. (read) English books in the original is a re pleasure for me. 2. My aim is (graduate) from the University successfully and (become) a good specialist. 3. (pass) the exams well I have (work) hard during the term. 4. I am sorry (keep) you waiting. 5. I meant (to go) there but I couldn"t.
г) 1. I wish (see) the manager. 2. It"s no use (wait). 3. I"m looking forward to (see) you. 4. Don"t forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. 5. My mother told me (not, speak) to anyone about it. 6. He tried (explain) but she didn"t want (listen). 7. Would you mind (show) me how the lift works? 8. I"m beginning (understand) what you mean. 9. The boys like (play) tennis but hate (do) lessons. 10. He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) "Goodbye". 11. Please, go on (write), I don"t mind (wait). 12. The doctor advised him (give up) (smoke). 13. I prefer (drive) to (be driven). 14. I advise you (start) (look) for a job at once. 15. After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee left without (reach) any decision. 16. Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it. 17. It"s not good for children (eat) too many sweets.
2. Употребите одну из неличных форм: инфинитив, герундий, причастие
1. Не offered (lend) me the money. I didn"t like (take) it but I had no other way out. 2. What was in the letter? I don"t know. I did not want (open) it as it wasn"t addressed to me. 3. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait). 4. He heard the clock striking seven and knew it was time for him (get) up. 5. I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door. 6. Did you advise him (go) to the police? – No, I didn"t like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter. 7. I"m not used to (drive) on the left. 8. It"s pleasant (sit) by the fire at night and (hear) the wind (blow) outside. 9. It"s no use (write) to him, he never answers letters. The only thing (do) is (go) and (see) him. 10. Ask him (come) in. Don"t keep him (stand) at the door.
3. Подчеркните и определите конструкции с нелич-ными формами глагола. Переведите предложения
2.13. НАРЕЧИЕ
(The Adverb )
Наречием называется часть речи, которая обозначает признаки или обстоятельства, при которых совершается действие (как, где, когда и т.д.).
По структуре наречия делятся на простые (here, now, soon, then); производные , образованные от прилагатель-ного при помощи суффикса -ly (slowly, quickly); сложные (sometimes, somewhere) и составные , представ-ляющие собой сочетания с предлогами или другими наречиями (till now, from where). Наречия могут отно-ситься:
1) к глаголу. В этом случае они являются обстоя-тельством и стоят после определяемого глагола:
I get up early. Я встаю рано.
Не lives here. Он живет здесь.
2) к прилагательному или другому наречию, указы-вая на их признаки:
Не is a very good engineer. Он очень хороший инженер.
Не speaks English quite well. Он говорит по-английски вполне прилично.
3) к предложению в целом:
Unfortunately, I don"t know anything К сожалению, я ничего об этом
about it. не знаю.
4) могут служить вопросительным словом:
Why were you absent? Почему ты отсутствовал?
5) могут соединять предложения:
I was ill, so I stayed in bed. Я был болен, поэтому остался в
Participle I, II (Действительное и страдательное причастие)
Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия настоящего времени.
1. The girl standing at the window is my sister.
2. Having been sent to the wrong address the letter didn’t rich him.
3. He sat in the arm-chair thinking.
4. She came up to us breathing heavily.
5. The hall was full of laughing people.
6. The singing girl was about fourteen.
7. Having read the book I gave it to Pete.
8. The large building being built in our street is a new school – house.
9. Having finished the experiment the students left the laboratory.
10. Being busy, he postponed his trip.
11. Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read.
12. Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in winter.
Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие настоящего времени в активной и пассивной форме.
1. (To impress) by the film, they kept silent.
2. (To lose) the book, the student couldn’t remember the topic.
3. He spent the whole day (to read) a book.
4. (To travel) around America for a month, she returned to England.
5. He watched Mike (to go) out of the door and (to cross) the street.
6. The question (to discuss) now is very important.
7. (To pack) in the beautiful box the flowers looked very lovely.
8. (To descent) the mountains, they heard a man calling for help.
9. (To reject) by everybody he became a monk.
10. (To show) the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way.
Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки , употребив Indefinite или Perfect Participle I. Переведите .
1. (To write) out all the words, I started to learn them.
2. (To buy) food, they left supermarket.
3. (to bark) dog doesn’t bite.
4. She entered the room (to smile).
5. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend.
6. (To find) the keys, we were able to open the door.
7. (To make) the report, Tom left the room.
8. (To see) her he raised his hat.
9. My task (to finish), I went to bed.
10. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастие прошедшего времени.
1. He doesn’t like boiled milk.
2. I remember well his words said at the meeting.
3. We don’t like the book bought last week.
4. The stolen things were returned to the owner.
5. Asked about this event, he replied nothing.
6. The explanation given was not complete.
7. When burnt, coal produces heat.
8. The results received were of great importance for the further work.
9. When reconstructed the theatre looked more beautiful than before.
10. She showed us a list of the newly published books.
Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребив причастие прошедшего времени. Переведите.
1. The letter (to write) by him was very long.
2. We are interested in the goods (to produce) by this factory.
3. She didn’t understand the word (to say) by him.
4. He didn’t see the things (to keep) in her box.
5. I don’t like the video (to buy) yesterday.
6. This is the house (to build) many years ago.
7. The question (to put) to the professor was important.
8. When (to offer) to work abroad, he refused.
9. The article on agriculture (to publish) in this magazine was written by Smith.
10. You can get the book (to recommend) by our teacher in the library.
11. When (to use) for building purposes, concrete is very important.
12. When (to complete) the new building will accommodate 3000 students.
1. Напишите следующие глаголы в форме причастий.
Причастие I Перфектное причастие I Причастие II
2. Распределите следующие предложения по группам.
- The garden was full of children, laughing and shouting . (Сад был полон детей, смеющихся и кричащих.)
- Could you pick up the broken glass? (Ты не мог бы поднять разбитый стакан?)
- The woman sitting by the window stood up and left. (Женщина, сидевшая у окна, встала и ушла.)
- I walked between the shelves loaded with books. (Я прошел между полками, нагруженными книгами.)
- Be careful when crossing the road. (Будь осторожен, переходя дорогу.)
- Having driven 200 kilometers he decided to have a rest. (Проехав 200 км, он решил отдохнуть.)
- If invited , we will come. (Если нас пригласят, мы придем.)
- I felt much better having said the truth. (Мне стало гораздо лучше, когда я сказал правду.)
- He looked at me smiling . (Он взглянул на меня, улыбаясь.)
- She had her hair cut . (Она подстригла свои волосы.)
- Built by the best architect in town, the building was a masterpiece. (Построенное лучшим архитектором города, здание было шедевром.)
- Not having seen each other for ages, they had much to talk about. (Не видя друг друга вечность, им было много о чем поговорить.)
Причастие I:
Перфектное причастие I:
Причастие II:
3. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя причастие I.
Н-р: He was jumping down the stairs. He broke his leg. – He broke his leg jumping down the stairs. (Он сломал ногу, прыгая вниз по лестнице.)
- Tom was watching the film. He fell asleep.
- The pupils opened their textbooks. They looked for the answer.
- Julia was training to be a designer. She lived in Milan for 3 years.
- They are vegetarians. They don’t eat meat.
- Jane was tidying up her bedroom. She found some old letters.
4. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя перфектное причастие I.
Н-р: He handed in his test. He had written all the exercises. – Having written all the exercises, he handed in his test. (Написав все упражнения, он передал свою контрольную.)
- She went to her car and drove off. She had closed the door of the house.
- I sent him an SMS. I had tried phoning him many times.
- We moved to Florida. We had sold our cottage.
- His head was aching at night. He had studied all day.
- He knew all the goals by heart. He had seen that match several times.
Ответы:
Причастие I Перфектное причастие I Причастие II
work working having worked worked
read reading having read read
leave leaving having left left
go going having gone gone
laugh laughing having laughed laughed
Причастие I: 1 – 3 – 5 - 9
Перфектное причастие I: 6 – 8 - 12
Причастие II: 2 – 4 – 7 – 10 – 11
- Tom fell asleep watching the film. (Том уснул во время просмотра фильма.)
- The pupils opened their textbooks looking for the answer. (Ученики открыли учебники в поисках ответа.)
- Julia lived in Milan for 3 years training to be a designer. (Джулия жила в Милане 3 года, обучаясь на дизайнера.)
- Being vegetarians they don’t eat meat. (Будучи вегетарианцами, они не едят мясо.)
- Jane found some old letters tidying up her bedroom. (Джейн обнаружила старые письма, когда убиралась в своей спальне.)
- Having closed the door of the house she went to her car and drove off. (Закрыв дома дверь, она пошла к машине и уехала.)
- Having tried phoning him many times I sent him an SMS. (Попытавшись дозвониться до него несколько раз, я отправил ему СМС.)
- Having sold our cottage we moved to Florida. (Продав свой коттедж, мы переехали во Флориду.)
- Having studied all day his head was aching at night. (Прозанимавшись весь день, его голова болела ночью.)
- Having seen that match several times he knew all the goals by heart. (Посмотрев этот матч несколько раз, он знал все голы наизусть.)
Упражнения этого урока помогут начинающим применить на практике свои знания по теме Английское причастие в функции определения — Participle. Упражнения даны по мере возрастания сложности.
Participle. Упражнения на английское причастие в функции определения
Упражнение 1 (повторение). Выберите подходящий вариант .
A: I’m so (exciting/ excited). I’ve just seen a very (interesting / interested) film.
B: Really? What was it?
A: It was a horror film called «The White Moon».
B: Oh, horror films are so (frightening/ frightened). I never watch them.
A: I’m very (surprised/ surprising), all my friends watch them.
B: Not me. I like romantic films.
Al: I’m always (bored/ boring) when I watch them. Give me a good comedy or a horror film. They are so (excited / exciting).
Упражнение 2. Выберите подходящий вариант.
Nessie
Have you ever heard of the Loch Ness Monster? Many people believe that there is a huge animal (living/lived) in Loch Ness in Scotland.
The animal is about 50 metres long (including/included) its tail. Nobody knows anything about its (eating / eaten) habits. There are some photos of the animal (taking/ taken) by different people (visiting/ visited) the lake, but nobody can prove that they are real.
This animal (giving/ given) the nickname Nessie has been one of the greatest tourists attractions to the area for years. Expeditions (sent / sending) to Scotland tried very hard to find and catch Nessie. And so did individuals (looking/ looked) for the animal. But there has been no result yet.
Nessie is still a great mystery. Very few things (knowing/ known) about Nessie are: is has a long and thin neck like a giraffe’s, its head is quite small and looks like a horse’s, its colour is dark yellow and its habitat is the deepest and the coldest part of the lake.
Упражнение
3.
Образуйте Participle
I или Participle II
от глаголов в скобках.
- Why have you got that … (worry) expression on your face? Are you in trouble?
- The teacher was … (disappoint) with the test results.
- Jack’s answer was … (disappoint).
- I went to the exhibition of French art last week and I was very much … (impress).
- We saw a lot of … (fascinate) paintings.
- I was so … (excite) that I couldn’t say a word.
- The trip to the mountains was so … (excite) - we enjoyed every minute of it.
- I’m … (bore) - I have nothing to do.
- The lecture was so … (bore) that a few listeners fell asleep.
- We liked the Room of Horrors but some of the tricks were rather … (frighten).
- It was raining so heavily that the little puppy got … (frighten) and hid under the bed.
- Little John’s questions were … (surprise).
- We were … (surprise) at the news.
- The boy … (translate) the story is the best pupil in our class.
- The girl … (wash) the window is my sister.
- … (do) his homework Tom looked through the window several times.
- The work … (do) was very interesting.
- Everything … (write) on the blackboard is correct.
- … (write) the letter Olga thought about her summer holidays.
Если вы сомневаетесь в правильности выполнения и перевода предложений 16 и 19, то вам следует знать, что английское действительное причастие часто переводится на русский язык деепричастием или деепричастным оборотом. Об этом вы узнаете в уроке Participle (для продолжающих, часть 3) СКОРО
* * *
Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложение, используя причастие вместо придаточного предложения.
The old castle which was built five hundred years ago belongs to the university. Старый замок, который был построен 500 лет назад , принадлежит университету.
The old castle, built five hundreds ago , belongs to the university. Старый замок, построенный 500 лет назад , принадлежит университету.
- The holidaymakers who were wearing light clothes walked along the beach.
- The lands that were discovered by Columbus were rich in gold.
- The children who were excited by the news shouted “Hoorah” three times.
- The hedges that divided the fields were getting yellow.
- The young lady who was standing at the door looked very attractive.
- The two banks which were connected by a bridge were high and looked dangerous.
- Betty Smith heard the noise of a child who was crying.
- He entered the yard and smelt something that was burning.
Упражнение 5. Translate into English .
- situate – располагать
- divide – разделять
- connect – связывать
- excite – возбуждать
- cover — покрывать
- What do we call — Как мы называем людей
- Города, расположенные на побережье, часто являются портами.
- Поля, разделенные живыми изгородями, всегда выглядят очень привлекательно.
- Места, связанные с Шекспиром, находятся главным образом в Стратфорде-на-Эйвоне.
- Как мы называем людей живущих в Шотландии и говорящих на шотландском диалекте?
- Дети, взволнованные цирковым представлением, решили стать акробатами.
- Есть ли в Британии местности, покрытые лесами?
Упражнение 6. Translate into English .
- Птица, сидящая на дереве, ласточка.
- На дереве сидит ласточка.
- Изгородь, разделяющая наши сады, старая.
- Ее нужно сломать. (must be)
- Спрятанное письмо нашли дети.
- Письмо, написанное мной, только что отправлено.
- Сломанные игрушки лежат в коробке.
- Эти игрушки сломали дети.
- Спящую собаку зовут Рекс.
Упражнение 7. Translate into English .
- Лицо, нарисованное на бумаге, похоже (look like) на тебя.
- Его не видели вчера в школе.
- Ему следует позвонить.
- Человек, сидящий в кресле, мой отец.
- Письмо было отправлено вчера.
- Мальчики, идущие в школу, мои друзья.
- Мальчики идут в школу.
- Человек, посланный тобой, только что пришел.
- Восхищенный пейзажем, я стоял на берегу озера.